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UTI 101

What a UTI is, how it's diagnosed, how it's treated, and what to do when first-line care isn't enough.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Why resistance is reshaping UTI care, how it spreads, and how better diagnostics restore treatment options.

Clinical Metagenomics

Understanding the different next-generation sequencing approaches for infectious diseases.

Explore the series →Series

UTI 101

What a UTI is, how it's diagnosed, how it's treated, and what to do when first-line care isn't enough.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Why resistance is reshaping UTI care, how it spreads, and how better diagnostics restore treatment options.

Explore the series →Series

Clinical Metagenomics

Understanding the different next-generation sequencing approaches for infectious diseases.

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Gloved hands holding a rack of labeled urine sample tubes in a diagnostic laboratory

Urinalysis vs. urine culture: What each test can and can’t tell you about a UTI

What a urinalysis and a urine culture each measure, how dipsticks, standard culture, and enhanced culture compare, and how to read common UTI test results.

UTI 101

Anatomical model of the lower spine and sacrum with yellow spinal nerves, resting on a white notebook

Spina bifida and recurrent UTIs: Sarah Sharp's story

Sarah Sharp shares how spina bifida, bladder augmentation, and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae shaped her journey with recurrent UTIs, and her advocacy.

UTI 101

Colorized scanning electron micrograph of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria shown as purple rod-shaped cells against a blue background

Klebsiella pneumoniae and UTI: Causes, Testing, and Treatment

Learn how Klebsiella pneumoniae causes UTIs, who is at risk, why antibiotic resistance matters, and how culture, PCR, and NGS detect it.

Scanning electron micrograph of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria, shown as blue oval-shaped cells in clusters

Enterococcus faecalis and UTI: Causes, Testing, and Treatment

Enterococcus faecalis is a leading cause of complicated and catheter-associated UTIs. Learn how biofilms, resistance, and culture gaps shape diagnosis and treatment.

Anatomical pencil illustration of human kidneys, ureters, and connecting blood vessels

Interstitial Cystitis vs. UTI: What Is the Difference?

UTI and IC/BPS share symptoms but need different treatment. Learn how to tell them apart, why misdiagnosis happens, and what a negative urine culture can mean.

Diagnosing UTIs

Woman with long dark hair standing outdoors at dusk, looking upward, with palm trees and a violet sunset sky behind her

Menopause, GSM, and Recurrent UTIs

Menopause causes a drop in estrogen that can contribute to conditions like genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and recurrent UTIs.

Ask an Expert

E. coli bacterial colonies growing on an agar plate, shown as round yellow-orange clusters

Escherichia coli and UTI: Causes, Testing, and Treatment

E. coli causes 80–90% of UTIs. Learn how uropathogenic strains use biofilms, intracellular communities, and resistance genes — and which tests find them.

Gloved hand holding a small clear tube containing a urine sample

Is Urine Sterile? The Urobiome and UTIs

Urine is not sterile. The urinary tract hosts its own microbial community — the urobiome — and its balance shapes UTI risk, diagnosis, and recurrence.

The Urinary Microbiome

Illustration of Proteus mirabilis bacteria in the urinary tract, associated with catheter-associated UTIs and struvite stones

Proteus mirabilis and UTI: Causes, Testing, and Treatment

Proteus mirabilis causes complicated and catheter-associated UTIs, forms struvite stones, and resists common antibiotics like nitrofurantoin.